Starting from the premise that electricity will be an increasingly important vector in energy systems of the future, Energy Technology Perspectives 2014 (ETP 2014) takes a deep dive into actions needed to support deployment of sustainable options for generation, distribution and end-use consumption. In addition to modelling the global outlook to 2050 under different scenarios for more than 500 technology options, ETP 2014 explores the possibility of «pushing the limits» in six key areas: Solar Power: Possibly the Dominant Source by 2050; Natural Gas in Low-Carbon Electricity Systems; Electrifying Transport: How E-mobility Replace Oil; Electricity Storage: Costs, Value and Competitiveness; Attracting Finance for Low-Carbon Generation; and Power Generation in India. ETP 2014 purchase includes extensive downloadable data, figures and visualisations.
Les propositions de modifications du Modèle de convention fiscale sont exposées dans ce livrable afin d'empêcher l'utilisation abusive des conventions fiscales. Les pays participant au projet BEPS se sont accordés sur des standards minimum pour prévenir le chalandage fiscal et autres stratégies destinées à obtenir indûment les avantages prévus par certaines dispositions des conventions fiscales. Ce livre veille également à s'assurer que les conventions fiscales n'entravent pas l'application de règles nationales visant légitimement à prévenir l'utilisation abusive des conventions. Il précise que les conventions fiscales n'ont pas vocation à être utilisées pour aboutir à une double non-imposition et recense également les considérations de politique fiscale que les pays doivent prendre en compte avant de décider de conclure une convention fiscale avec un autre pays. Les modèles de dispositions figurant dans le livrable constituent des orientations appelées à évoluer car d'autres travaux devront être réalisés, en particulier en ce qui concerne la règle relative à la limitation des avantages conventionnels.
This report evaluates the education reform agenda of Kazakhstan - its feasibility and focus - by taking stock of present-day strengths and weaknesses of the secondary education system. The report also provides guidance on adjusting the reform implementation plans in line with international experiences and best practices regarding educational change, and consolidates much of the previously dispersed (national) data on primary and secondary schools in Kazakhstan into a common analytical base of evidence, validated by the education authorities.Chapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the country, it education system and reform plans. Subsequent chapters provide analysis of and recommendations on equity and effectiveness of schooling; assessment and evaluation practices; policies for teachers and principals; expenditure patterns and financing mechanisms; vocational education and training; and a summary of the recommendations.
Le Cadre d'action pour l'investissement agricole (CAIA) a vocation à aider les pays à évaluer et concevoir des politiques visant à attirer l'investissement privé vers l'agriculture et à optimiser la contribution de cet investissement à la croissance économique et à un développement durable. S'appuyant sur les bonnes pratiques de pays membres et non membres de l'OCDE, ce Cadre d'action propose des questions et des orientations dans dix domaines de politiques publiques identifiés comme cruciaux en vue d'attirer des investissements dans le secteur agricole.
Cette publication est la neuvième édition de la version abrégée du Modèle de Convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune de l'OCDE. Cette version abrégée contient le texte intégral du Modèle de Convention fiscale tel qu'il se lisait le 15 juillet 2014, excluant toutefois les notes historiques, la liste détaillée des conventions conclues entre les pays membres de l'OCDE et les rapports antérieurs qui sont inclus dans la version intégrale.
What does redesigning schools and schooling through innovation mean in practice? How might it be brought about? These questions have inspired an influential international reflection on "Innovative Learning Environments" (ILE) led by the OECD. This reflection has already resulted in publications on core design principles and frameworks and on learning leadership. Now the focus extends from exceptional examples towards wider initiatives and system transformation. The report draws as core material on analyses of initiatives specially submitted by some 25 countries, regions and networks. It describes common strengths around a series of Cs: Culture change, Clarifying focus, Capacity creation, Collaboration & Co-operation, Communication technologies & platforms, and Change agents. It suggests that growing innovative learning at scale needs approaches rooted in the complexity of 21st century society and "learning eco-systems". It argues that a flourishing middle level of change around networks and learning communities provides the platform on which broader transformation can be built.
This review provides an analytical perspective of the current situation, including the construction of a database, in order to help the Greek government define reforms to improve the effectiveness, efficiency and fairness of selected social programmes. The review identifies gaps and overlaps in social protection, and highlights areas where there is room for significant efficiency gains, in order to support informed and concrete decisions by the Greek government on where budgetary savings can most appropriately be made, taking into account the balance between societal groups and the need to maintain social cohesion.
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the results from the Survey of Adult Skills related to problem solving in technology-rich environments, along with measures concerning the use of ICT and problem solving. The Nordic countries and the Netherlands have the largest proportions of adults (around 40%) who score at the higher levels in problem solving, while Ireland, Poland and the Slovak Republic have the smallest proportions of adults (around 20%) who score at those levels. Variations in countries' proficiency in problem solving using ICT are found to reflect differences in access to the Internet and in the frequency with which adults use e-mail. The report finds that problem-solving proficiency is strongly associated with both age and general cognitive proficiency, even after taking other relevant factors into account. Proficiency in problem solving using ICT is related to greater participation in the labour force, lower unemployment, and higher wages. By contrast, a lack of computer experience has a substantial negative impact on labour market outcomes, even after controlling for other factors. The discussion considers policies that promote ICT access and use, opportunities for developing problem-solving skills in formal education and through lifelong learning, and the importance of problem-solving proficiency in the context of e-government services.
Cette édition des Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE analyse la situation économique actuelle et examine les politiques économiques à mettre en oeuvre pour favoriser une reprise soutenue dans les pays membres. Cette édition présente des perspectives jusqu'à fin 2016, pour les pays de l'OCDE et pour certaines économies non membres. Complétées par un large éventail de statistiques au niveau international, les Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE constituent un instrument sans équivalent pour suivre les évolutions économiques mondiales.
The digital economy now permeates countless aspects of the world economy, impacting sectors as varied as banking, retail, energy, transportation, education, publishing, media or health. Information and Communication Technologies are transforming the ways social interactions and personal relationships are conducted, with fixed, mobile and broadcast networks converging, and devices and objects increasingly connected to form the Internet of things.
This report assesses how countries can maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth, and discusses the evolutions in the digital economy that policy makers need to consider as well as the emerging challenges they need to address as a part of national digital strategies. Chapters include an overview of the current status and outlook of the digital economy; the main trends in the ICT sector, and developments in communication and regulation policy; and overviews of ICT demand and adoption, plus the effects of the digital economy on growth and development. This volume also includes a chapter on developments related to trust in the digital economy and on the emerging Internet of things.
Objectif croissance est la publication périodique de l'OCDE consacrée aux réformes structurelles jugées prioritaires pour rehausser les revenus dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans certaines grandes économies non membres de l'Organisation (l'Afrique du Sud, le Brésil, la Chine, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde et l'Indonésie). Les priorités d'action identifiées sont actualisées tous les deux ans et présentées dans un rapport complet, incluant des notes par pays dans lesquelles sont formulées des recommandations précises correspondant à ces priorités. Le prochain rapport complet sera publié en 2015.Ce rapport intermédiaire présente un bilan des mesures prises par les autorités au cours des deux dernières années dans les domaines jugés prioritaires pour la croissance. Cet exercice d'inventaire s'appuie sur un ensemble d'indicateurs comparables au niveau international, qui permet aux pays d'évaluer leurs performances économiques et leurs politiques structurelles dans un large éventail de domaines.
Partout dans le monde, les jeunes peinent à entrer sur le marché du travail. Dans certains pays de l'OCDE, un quart des 16-29 ans sont sans emploi et ne suivent ni études ni formation. Les Perspectives de l'OCDE sur les compétences 2015 montrent combien une stratégie d'ensemble est nécessaire pour améliorer l'employabilité des jeunes. Si les politiques éducatives, sociales et du marché du travail tiennent chacune un rôle essentiel à cet égard, la coordination entre secteur public et secteur privé n'en est pas moins déterminante. La présente publication s'appuie sur les résultats de l'Évaluation des compétences des adultes de 2012, objet de la première édition des Perspectives, et contient des exemples de politiques menées avec succès dans différents pays.
Now more than ever, governments are striving to mobilise greater tax revenue domestically. To do so, they are increasingly reaching out to inform and engage today's - and future - taxpayers. They aim to foster an overall «culture of compliance» based on rights and responsibilities, in which citizens see paying taxes as an integral aspect of their relationship with their government. Taxpayer education is the bridge linking tax administration and citizens and a key tool to transform tax culture. Covering innovative strategies in 28 countries, this publication offers ideas and inspiration for taxpayer education, literacy and outreach. It helps revenue authorities in developing countries to strengthen the tax morale and tax compliance of their citizens.
Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? The country reports in this series look at these and other questions. They form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training. This report reviews vocational education and training systems in Costa Rica.